A p-value is the probability of data at least as extreme as the observed data if the null hypothesis were true — not the probability that the hypothesis is true, and not the size of the effect.
A p-value is the probability of data at least as extreme as the observed data if the null hypothesis were true — not the probability that the hypothesis is true, and not the size of the effect.
The SELECT trial, published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2023, found semaglutide cut major cardiovascular events by a fifth in adults with existing heart disease and overweight — a benefit independent of diabetes.
Peer review is a check by outside experts on a study's methods and reasoning before publication — a filter that improves papers but cannot verify data, replicate results, or catch deliberate fraud.
Fossils are almost never dated directly. Geologists date the rock around them instead, and the method depends entirely on what happens to be nearby.
A preprint analyzing 8,000 Nature Communications papers found tougher revision demands tracked with more citations three years later, though the results are correlational and the study itself has not yet been peer-reviewed.
Before a scientific claim reaches print, an editor and a small group of outside experts read it first — a filter meant to catch errors, not to guarantee a finding is correct.
A 2025 analysis in PNAS finds reviewers often disagree with each other — and shows which specific fixes actually help.
A 2026 study in Nature Medicine tracked a man with ALS using a brain-computer interface independently at home for nearly two years — a long-term, single-participant test of whether such systems can work outside the lab, not yet a device anyone else can buy.
The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 set the route from federal grant to patent to licensed startup — and federal records track the paperwork far better than the outcomes.
The technology teaches cells to build a single viral protein, then lets the immune system do the rest.