
Why correlation is not causation in headlines
Headlines turn associations into causes because causes read better — three habits of mind restore the distinction.
Literacy teaches the skills for evaluating evidence directly: distinguishing correlation from cause, reading confidence intervals, converting relative risk into absolute terms, spotting undeclared conflicts, and recognizing when a sample is too small. Examples come from real published papers. For anyone wanting to check a health claim independently.
Literacy teaches the skills for evaluating evidence directly: distinguishing correlation from cause, reading confidence intervals, converting relative risk into absolute terms, spotting undeclared conflicts, and recognizing when a sample is too small. Examples come from real published papers. For anyone wanting to check a health claim independently.

Headlines turn associations into causes because causes read better — three habits of mind restore the distinction.

A three-pass strategy — abstract, figures, limitations — extracts most of a paper's value before the methods section slows a reader down.